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Need to Know History of the Internet

Creation of The Internet:
An internet is a connection between two or more computer networks.

Bless the Founders of the Net,
the women and men pioneers who changed the world forever!

Women's History Month
Hedy Lamarr's Invention Finally Comes of Age - Movie actress Hedy Lamarr, who died at her home in Florida on Jan. 19, 2000 at age 86, co-invented an important technology for radio communications called "frequency hopping." Her intellectual breakthrough will fuel the next great boom in Internet use. What was called "frequency hopping" in the 1940s, when Lamarr and her friend George Antheil developed the idea, is now generally called "spread spectrum" wireless communication. Cordless and wireless phones are spread spectrum devices and uses a version of spread spectrum techniques dependent on Lamarr's and Antheil's innovation. GPS uses spread spectrum too.
(BACKGROUND: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS)

PERSONAL MEMORIES
OF ENIAC FEB. 13 2006
ENIAC DEBUTS 60 YEARS AGO
ENIAC a Computer that was Built In WWII leading to the creation of The Internet. There were 6 Women Computers known as the "Programmers" that wired ENIAC and literally killed the bug that was messing it up.

The ARPANET was NOT the Internet. The ARPANET was a noteable step in packet communications, but it was a single network -- an internet only occurs when multiple networks are interconnected. On the evening of October 29, 1969 the first data travelled between two nodes of the ARPANET, a key ancestor of the Internet. Even more important, this was one of the first big trials of a then-radical idea: Networking computers to each other. The men who symbolically turned the key on the connected world we know today were two young programmers, Charley Kline at UCLA and Bill Duvall at SRI in Northern California, using special equipment made by BBN in Cambridge, Massachussetts. 2009 40th Anniversary of the Net - October 29, 1969 VIDEO

SRI and ARC

Two Apple Macintosh Plus mice, 1986 Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple for something like $40,000."Two Apple Macintosh Plus mice, 1986 In 1967, Engelbart applied for, and in 1970 he received a patent for the wooden shell with two metal wheels (computer mouse U.S. Patent 3,541,541), describing it in the patent application as an "X-Y position indicator for a display system". Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the "mouse" because the tail came out the end. He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas back in the mid-1960s, long before the personal computer revolution, at a time when most individuals were kept away from computers, and could only use computers through intermediaries. Engelbart showcased many of his and ARC's inventions in 1968 at the so-called mother of all demos.Because Engelbart's research and tool-development for online collaboration and interactive human-computer interfaces was partially funded by ARPA. SRI's ARC became involved with the ARPANET (the precursor of the Internet).

Internet Society (ISOC) History of the Internet. Talk by Jonathan Zittrain of the grownups and the kids that brought you the internet. Jonathan Zittrain is the Co-Director, Harvard Law School's Berkman  Center for Internet & Society.

Stockholm, Sweden – 29 July 2009 – The Internet Society (ISOC) today awarded the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award for 2009 to CSNET Network (the Computer Science Network), the research networking effort that during the early 1980s provided the critical bridge from the original research undertaken through the ARPANET to the modern Internet. Jon Postel was David Farber's second PhD 

 

The Internet was developed in the 1960s by DARPA actually,with 4 nodes and 4 computers (see some good maps of the evolving net, starting from 1 node and 1 computer in Sept. 69) by 1971, the net was in heavy use by most of the serious researchers in the country.

The original motivation of the ARPANET was to link together DARPA-supported computer science researchers, to allow them to share resources and information. It was a wild success that changed the way work was organized and performed in that research community.

JOIN ARPA NOW AND BECOME PART OF THE NON COMMERCIAL INTERNET


The most logical date of origin of the Internet is January 1, 1983, when the ARPANET officially switched from the NCP protocol to TCP/IP. It was the very success of the ARPANET that created demand among non-DARPA-funded computer science researchers - for a comparable capability. The (D) was added and stands for Defense. All those NSF-funded researchers were watching their DARPA-funded cubicle-mates get a lot more work done. The result was first CSnet and the various supercomputer networks (as well as a few other field-specific networks for high-energy physics folks and such) ultimately leading to the NSFnet. Linked together, these various networks formed the Internet.
It's also worth noting that, during the 70s, an increasing amount of unclassified military traffic - from bases that had military labs - started flowing over the ARPANET. It simply worked a lot better than the antiquated messaging systems the military had in use. This created demand for splitting the ARPANET into two separate, built linked, networks - the research-community ARPANET and the MILNET. It also lead to several separate networks carrying classified traffic.

ARPANET WAS NOT AN INTERNET.
 The 20th anniversary of the Internet by Bob Braden Dec 14, 2002
 We ought not to let pass unnoticed the impending 20th anniversary of the Internet. The most logical date of origin of the Internet is January 1, 1983, when the ARPANET officially switched from the NCP protocol to TCP/IP. Six months later, the ARPANET was split into the two subnets ARPANET and MILNET, which were connected by Internet gateways* (routers).
The planning for the January 1983 switchover was fully documented in Jon Postel in RFC 801. The week-by-week progress of the transition was reported in a series of 15 RFCs, in the range RFC 842 - RFC 876, by UCLA student David Smallberg. There may still be a few remaining T shirts that read, "I Survived the TCP/IP Transition". People sometimes question that any geeks would have been in machine rooms on January 1. Believe it!! Some geeks got very little sleep for a few days (and that was before the work "geek" was invented, I believe.) So, on New Year's Eve, hoist one for the 20th anniversary of the Internet.

Bob Braden says:
* Routers brought to you by Bob Hinden of BBN.
** Prominent survivors included Dan Lynch of Interop fame. And of course Vint Cerf was working the Levers of Power at ARPA.

2004 - 35th Anniversary of  Arpanet now known as the Internet ARPAnet history background by Bob Taylor

In February of 1966 I initiated the ARPAnet project.  I was Director of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) from late '65 to late '69.  There were only two people involved in the decision to launch the ARPAnet:  my boss, the Director of ARPA Charles Herzfeld, and me.
From 1962 to 1970, beginning with J.C.R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, and then me, IPTO funded several of the first projects devoted to the creation of interactive computing -- then referred to as time-sharing.  In '64 - '65, I witnessed that within each local site when users were first connected by a time-sharing system, a community of people with common interests began to discover one another and interact through the medium of the computer.  I was struck by the fact that this was a wonderfully new and powerful phenomenon.
The next obvious step was to connect those sites with an interactive network.  To me, computing was about communication, not arithmetic.  Hence the ARPAnet. This theme is elaborated in a paper Lick and I wrote in 1968 entitled, "The Computer as a Communications Device".  Google can find it for you.  On the last couple of pages there is a scenario that is reminiscent of today's Internet. Numerous untruths have been disseminated about events surrounding the origins of the ARPAnet.  Here are some facts:

Two suspicious claims relating to the ARPAnet were an important part of the case for awarding the 2001 Draper Prize to Kahn and Kleinrock.

  1. Kahn has claimed far and wide to be "responsible for the systems design of the ARPAnet" while a member of the BB&N team.  Since no other team member agrees, I doubt the validity of this claim.
  2. Roberts and Kleinrock (close friends since college) began to claim in 1995, more than 30 years after the fact, that Kleinrock invented packet switching.  Most of us believe that Donald Davies in England and Paul Baran in the U.S. independently invented packet switching in the early '60s.
  3. RFC Index - This file contains citations for all RFCs in numeric order.

I believe these two claims are false but they are recorded as facts on the web sites of the National Academy of Engineering and the Computer History Museum.  The worst property of self-promotion is that it takes credit away from the people who actually made the contributions.  Roberts, Kahn, and Kleinrock have, however, made other important contributions.  These can only be tarnished by extravagant claims.
Packet switching is an important part of modern networking, but it is not the only key piece.  The multiplicity of the applications and the openness of the standards also played critical roles in ARPAnet development, as did Steve Crocker's initiation and management of the RFC process.
I believe the first internet was created at Xerox PARC, circa '75, when we connected, via PUP, the Ethernet with the ARPAnet.  PUP (PARC Universal Protocol) was instrumental later in defining TCP (ask Metcalfe or Shoch, they were there).
For the internet to grow, it also needed a networked personal computer, a graphical user interface with WYSIWYG properties, modern word processing, and desktop publishing.  These, along with the Ethernet, all came out of my lab at Xerox PARC in the '70s, and were commercialized over the next 20 years by Adobe, Apple, Cisco, Microsoft, Novell, Sun and other companies that were necessary to the development of the Internet.
The ARPAnet was not an internet.  An internet is a connection between two or more computer networks.  The ARPAnet, with help from thousands of people, slowly evolved into the Internet.  Without the ARPAnet, the Internet would have been a much longer time in coming.
 ACT ONE celebration of ARPANET 20 at UCLA, I wrote up an article recording what had been said there.  The article was published in American Scientist in November 1989. 

Robert Kahn & Vint Cerf developed TCP/IP

Robert Kahn started the Internet project at DARPA in the early 1970s and Vint Cerf ran it from 1976-1982. By 1983, the technology had matured to the point that DARPA transitioned the ARPANET to the TCP/IP protocols and the operational Internet was put in place.

Paul Baran published a very exhaustive set of reports in 1964, based on work he'd done in previous years, on the concept now called packet switching.  The following are available for downloading on RAND's website www.rand.org):
1964  RM-3767   On Distributed Communications: XI: Summary Overview.
1964  RM-3766   On Distributed Communications: X. Cost Estimate.
1964  RM-3763   On Distributed Communications: VII. Tentative
Engineering Specifications and Preliminary Design for a High-Data-Rate Distributed Network Switching Node.
1964  RM-3762   On Distributed Communications: VI. Mini-Cost Microwave.
1964  RM-3097   On Distributed Communications: V. History, Alternative Approaches, and Comparisons.
1964  RM-3765   On Distributed Communications: IX. Security, Secrecy, and Tamper-Free Considerations.
1964  RM-3638   On Distributed Communications: IV. Priority, Precedence, and Overload.
1964  RM-3103   On Distributed Communications: II. Digital Simulation of Hot-Potato Routing in a Broadband Distributed Communications Network.
1964  RM-3420   On Distributed Communications: I. Introduction to Distributed Communications Networks.
1964  RM-3764   On Distributed Cdmmunications: VIII. the Multiplexing Station.
1962  P-2626    On Distributed Communications Networks.

Anthony Rutkowski, Executive Director, INTERNET SOCIETY
a professional membership society with more than 100 organization and over 20,000 individual members in over 180 countries. It provides leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the Internet, and is the organization home for the groups responsible for Internet infrastructure standards, including the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). Board of Trustees
 1775 Wiehle Ave., Suite 102,
Reston, VA, USA 20190-5108
Tel: +1 703 326 9880 Fax: +1 703 326 9881

WATCH 1972 ARPANET Film about Computer Networks A documentary film about the history of the ARPANET and birth of the Internet.
The Heralds of Resource Sharing
It's all about moving the information off of the paper, the costs of storing it, the labor costs, and giving people access.The printing press handled the problem of copying information but now the networks handle distributing it.  Also find a list of the speakers and links to some biographical information in the film. [source] Note the now obsolete electronic moog music used for the film.

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Speaking parts:

The future of Data summary starts  20:00
 Non-speaking: Daniel L. Murphy: (Behind the titles, several other times, best about 15:44)

Suzanne Johnson March 19, 2006 1972 ARPANET Film (was: "an amazing film...")
Without going too far down memory lane, [...snip] I've got to say that amid the "prehistoric technology" in this film is a reference to network management and control, which has, in my opinion, never developed to the same point  since that time.  One possible exception would be the Ricochet network in the mid-nineties.
I was on the system staff at Sumex-Aim (at Stanford) back in the early-seventies.  We were  the first non-defense funded application site on the ARPANET.  One day the system staff were all in the offices which were located several blocks from the machine room containing our computer and  IMP.  We all started getting IMP shut- down messages on our terminals. "IMP going down in 30 minutes for 10 minutes", with a count-down of minutes after that.  We all looked at each other and asked who scheduled the shut down.  None of us had.
Then someone remembered an 800 number we'd been given when we connected to the ARPANET.  It was for a "network control center somewhere back east".  We called the number and asked the person who answered what was going on.  Not expecting a coherent answer, we were surprised when the person made a quick check and told us:  "your IMP has been having intermittent problems for about a week.  It finally was able to make a diagnosis of which board was creating the problem. 
We've scheduled and controlled the downtime and a technician is there waiting to switch boards.  You will be back up again in 10 minutes." By the time we all regained our composure, and sent someone to the machine room, the IMP was fixed and in the process of coming back up. 
We then recalled that as a part of being connected to the ARPANET, we'd had to ensure that access to the IMP was available at all times to ARPANET technicians (we'd given a key to them).
Also see: "From Barnstorming to Boeing - Transforming the Internet  Into a Lifeline Utility" with the notes

Interview with Susan Estrada - Starting Up the Internet
An original developer of the Internet, Susan Estrada founded CERFnet, an Internet service provider, in 1988. During her 5-year tenure as the CERFnet executive director, she was instrumental in CERFnet's user growth from 25 university members to hundreds of corporate members and thousands of individual users including an annual profit. In 1993, Susan wrote Connecting to the Internet, An O'Reilly Buyer's Guide. Also in 1993, Susan founded Aldea Communications, Inc. which focuses on advising companies and universities on strategic telecommunications strategies. Its client list includes the University of California, Hughes, AT&T InterNIC, Network Solutions, Cisco Systems, AT&T Jens, Pacific Bell, and Bell South. Susan is an elected Trustee of the Internet Society, a founder of the Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX), a former area director for the Internet Engineering Software Group (IESG) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). She currently is an appointed member of Pacific Telesis's Telecommunications Consumer Advisory Panel and the U.S. Federal Networking Council's Advisory Committee (FNCAC). -- Interview by Nic Paget-Clarke.

Meet the INTERNET / SOFTWARE PIONEERS Cap'n Crunch," part of an aging community of high-tech  wunderkinds who developed one of the first word-processing programs.

SEE SECURITY

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Zen and the Art of the Internet
A Beginner's Guide to the Internet, First Edition, January 1992 by Brendan P. Kehoe

 

 

ABOUT NETORKS

 

INTERNET SOCIETY
a professional membership society with more than 100 organization and over 20,000 individual members in over 180 countries. It provides leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the Internet, and is the organization home for the groups responsible for Internet infrastructure standards, including the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). Board of Trustees
1775 Wiehle Ave., Suite 102,
Reston, VA, USA 20190-5108
Tel: +1 703 326 9880 Fax: +1 703 326 9881

Internet Protocal Journal subscription information and the advisory board


The Internet Protocol Journal (IPJ) is published quarterly by Cisco Systems. The journal is not intended to promote any specific products or services, but rather is intended to serve as an informational and educational resource for engineering professionals involved in the design, development, and operation of public and private internets and intranets. The journal carries tutorial articles ("What is...?") as well as implementation / operation articles ("How to..."). It provides readers with technology and standardization updates for all levels of the protocol stack and serves as a forum for discussion of all aspects of internetworking.

About PORTS What are they? Which ones are used for trojans?

New Academic Ideas ~ Noel Chiappa MIT
All this neat packet networking stuff only exists now (2007) because for many years (during Baran's first RAND work ca. 1960-64, then during the ARPANet development in the late 60's-early-70's, and then the early internetwork work in the 1975-1982 time-frame) this stuff was all funded by "bureaucrats in DC".
There was *no* commercial market for any of this stuff back then, so there was no other way to make it happen. (A fact of which I am well aware, because I was one of the first people - maybe the first, actually - to make money selling IP routers commercially - and that was in 1984 or so, almost 10 years after the bureacrats starting putting money into TCP/IP.)
In fact, to add a nice topping of irony, many commercial communications people of the day (circa 1980) said much the same things about TCP/IP that they are now saying about other efforts: I distinctly recall the TCP/IP people being told to "roll up our toy academic network" (and yes, they explicitly and definitely used the work "academic") and go home.

 

WAY BACK WHEN THIS IS HOW THINGS STARTED

 


Wendy Grossman: Carbon-dating the Internet
http://www.theinquirer.net/Default.aspx?article=18978
Friday 08 October 2004, 12:33
|THE DEMENTED three-year-old that rampages through all of Microsoft's software - My Music; MY Pictures; MY COMPUTER - seems to have been let loose on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the Internet, which is around now sometime. Or isn't. It depends whose publicity department you listen to.
The year most people seem to be dating the Internet to is 1969, when the ARPAnet was first connected up. It's certainly tempting to set it then. That's the network that's generally agreed to be the most important precursor of the Internet. October 29 is the date [2]UCLA has chosen for the official celebration. That's commemorating September 2, the day the first Internet message was sent from Leonard Kleinrock's UCLA computer lab.
That of course makes that date entirely correct as far as UCLA is concerned. But is that the [3]Big Bang that created the Internet? Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyons, in their 1996 book Where Wizards Stay Up Late, document the efforts of Boston-based [4]Bolt Beranek Newman to create the IMP machines that Kleinrock's lab used. BBN was where, in 1971, Ray Tomlinson inaugurated person-to-person network email and chose the now-ubiquitous @ symbol. But we can't take either 1969 or 1971 as the beginning of email itself, since that was first created for the [5] time-sharing systems of the 1960s. A Personal view: Impact of Email Work at The Rand Corporation in the mid-1970S We could go back a few years earlier, to when Paul Baran, working at Rand Corporation, and Donald Davies, working at the UK's [6]National Physical Laboratory independently came up with the idea of packet switching. That was a completely new way of looking at transmitting data across a network, and is the heart of the way the Internet as we know it operates.
Thing is, packet-switching could have remained just an idea. The telephone network, still the biggest network in the world, doesn't work that way. The TCP/IP protocols that arguably define the Internet weren't invented until 1974, by Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn. If you want to go, say, from the publication of their paper, you could pick May 1974, as Cerf mentions in a [7]recent column. That would make the Internet 30 years old. But obviously it would be more logical to date from when the ARPAnet moved to using TCP/IP, which was 1983. In which case - glory be! -- the Internet turned 21 years old in January. That would mean it's newly an adult, although you'd never know it from the behavior of some of the people on it. Perhaps they're still out on the now obligatory American coming-of-age pub crawl.
That year - 1983 - is a good pick for another reason. That's the year the [8]domain name system as we now know it was designed and deployed. Without that relatively user-friendly veneer email would have been slower to take off, and the commercial Web as we know it might not exist at all. The domain name system did as much or more to make the Internet usable as graphical Web browsers did. Though 1969 can answer that by pointing out that the first-ever RFC, the Requests for Comments that define Internet standards, is dated [9]April 7, 1969. That gives UCLA the right year, but puts it six months behind schedule.
Of course, to most people the Internet means the Web and email (and sometimes email also means the Web). In which case, you could go for 1989, when [10]Tim Berners-Lee, working at CERN, invented it. That's straightforward enough. Except that the Web didn't really take off until graphical browsers turned up, which is not, as Netscape (now an AOL division) might like to claim, 1994, when the first version of Netscape was released, nor its precursor, [11]Mosaic, which came out in 1993. When Mosaic came out, there were already a number of browser projects competing for attention, of which the earliest were [12]Viola and Erwise, which were released within a month of each other in 1992.
There are still more dates you could consider: 1995, the year Bill Gates got net; 1979, the year Usenet was created; 1985, the year the supercomputing centers were created and linked to form NSFnet, which became an important Internet backbone; 1991, the year that acceptable use policies were changed to allow commercial traffic on the Internet;
1994, the year that the big online information services - AOL, CompuServe, Delphi - set up their Internet gateways.
In 1998, I appeared at a conference called "Technological Visions", hosted at the University of Southern California, and as part of the exercise felt required to produce some predictions. The papers eventually appeared earlier this year - ah, Internet time - in a [13]book. Six years is of course long enough to look really silly, but one prediction seems clearly to have come true. I said that it would take constant vigilance to ensure that history did not record that Bill Gates invented the Internet. I think the general reaction was, "Nah, nah, come on, these people are still alive, and this stuff is all written down."
Yes. By PR departments. Who take the view that the Internet started when their company made its memorable contribution. In which case, I say to hell with it, the Internet is 13 years and four months old, because I got online in June 1991. So there.

References
1. mailto:netwars@skeptic.demon.co.uk
2. http://www.internetanniversary.com/
3. http://www.internethistory.info/
4. http://www.bbn.com/
5. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Email
6. http://www.npl.co.uk/
7. http://global.mci.com/us/enterprise/insight/cerfs_up/
8. http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1591.html
9. http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1591.html
10. http://www.w3c.org/
11. http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/NCSAMosaicHome.html
12. http://www.xcf.berkeley.edu/~wei/viola/violaHome.html
13. http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/1686_reg.html
14. http://www.pelicancrossing.net
15. http://www.pelicancrossing.net/nwcols.htm
16. http://www.livejournal.com/~wendyg

This is completely WRONG Someone's rather somewhat wrong interpretation of Internet history.

Rescued Works - Refurbished and Republished for Internet Posterity

THE EARLY DAYS OF THE  COMMERCIAL INTERNET

FIND THE VERY LAST PAGE OF THE INTERNET

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